Operating Point examples

Introduction

This page shows the operating point simulation of some circuits.

A simple 1:1 current mirror

../_images/m1.png

A 1:1 current mirror (fig. 1a) is employed to provide a copy of an input current to a load. The two currents being resp. \(I_{IN}\) and \(I_{OUT}\). A good current mirror complies with a mirroring ratio - equal to one here - has a low input resistance - it’s a good current sink - and a high output resistance - it’s a good current source or equi.v it’s a low dependence of \(I_{out}\) on the output voltage. Please remember, “good” is a qualifier that is only meaningful in relation to the rest of the circuit where the mirror is employed.

According to the EKV model, the drain currents of M0 and M1 are composed by two components: the forward current (\(i_f\)) and the reverse current (\(i_r\)), see fig. 1b. The former is a function of the pinch-off voltage and the source voltage, referred to the bulk voltage. The latter is a function of the pinch-off voltage and the drain voltage, again referred to the bulk voltage. [Channel-length modulation is neglected]

The short between gate and drain of M0 ensures that there can’t be channel at the drain side of M0. The reverse current is hence null. For the correct operation of the mirror (ie \(I_{OUT}\) equal to \(I_{IN}\)), the channel has to be pinched off on the drain side of M1 as well, because otherwise the output voltage would control the output current.

Since M0 and M1 share gate node, source node and bulk node, their forward currents (\(i_f\)) are equal. In addition each of them has a null reverse current.

The total drain current of an MOS transistor is according to the EKV model:

\[I_d = I_s (i_f - i_r)\]

Where \(I_s\) is known as specific current and it is a scaling factor, in particular it is proportional to the W/L ratio of the device.

In this example and in the following, all devices are matched (ie equally dimensioned).

Therefore:

\[I_{OUT} = I_{IN}\]

If M1 had a form factor \(k\) times bigger than M0, then \(I_{s1}\) would have been proportionally bigger than \(I_{s0}\) and:

\[I_{OUT} = k \cdot I_{IN}\]

Netlist

* 1-to-1 current mirror
m0 inc inc 0 0 nch w=10u l=3u
m1 out inc 0 0 nch w=10u l=3u

i1 0 inc type=idc idc=16u

v1 out 0 type=vdc vdc=2.5

.model ekv nch TYPE=n VTO=.4 KP=400e-6

.op

Simulation results

* 1-TO-1 CURRENT MIRROR
Starting op analysis:
Calculating guess: done.
Solving with Gmin:
Building Gmin matrix...
Solving...  done.
Solving without Gmin:
Solving...  done.
Difference check is within margins.
(Voltage: er=0.001, ea=1e-06, Current: er=0.001, ea=1e-09)
Solution without Gmin:
Vinc:       0.661166520045  V
Vout:                  2.5  V
I(V1):  -1.64022400455e-05  A
OP INFORMATION:
M0        N ch  MODERATE INVERSION                      SATURATION
beta  [A/V^2]:   0.000666997062349  Weff  [m]:       1e-05 (1e-05)   Leff      [m]:  2.9985139559e-06 (3e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:      0.661166520045   Vgb  [V]:      0.661166520045    Vsb      [V]:                       0.0    Vp      [V]:     0.117435542925
VTH       [V]:                 0.4   VOD  [V]:      0.182380106934   nq:                        1.57402376913    VA      [V]:       55.926133036
Ids       [A]:   1.59999948649e-05  nv:              1.55302306603  Ispec      [A]:         2.80523480148e-06  TEF:               0.340129035153
gmg       [S]:   0.000135363138199   gms  [S]:  -0.000210508167477    rob    [Ohm]:             3495384.43658
if:                   5.7034387414   ir:          0.00264346735244     Qf  [C/m^2]:         0.000110516787925    Qr  [C/m^2]:  1.50198071064e-07
-------------------
M1        N ch  MODERATE INVERSION                      SATURATION
beta  [A/V^2]:   0.000683757860402  Weff  [m]:       1e-05 (1e-05)   Leff      [m]:  2.92501207785e-06 (3e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:                 2.5   Vgb  [V]:      0.661166520045    Vsb      [V]:                        0.0    Vp      [V]:     0.117435542925
VTH       [V]:                 0.4   VOD  [V]:      0.182380106934   nq:                         1.57402376913    VA      [V]:      58.7233705568
Ids       [A]:   1.64022352838e-05  nv:              1.55302306603  Ispec      [A]:          2.80523480148e-06  TEF:                0.33178787657
gmg       [S]:   0.000135367502575   gms  [S]:  -0.000210508167477    rob    [Ohm]:              3580205.35254
if:                   5.7034387414   ir:           0.0025806785066     Qf  [C/m^2]:          0.000110516787925    Qr  [C/m^2]:  1.46639633291e-07
-------------------
TOTAL POWER: 5.15842644346e-05 W

Notice how the two transistors have the same \(i_f\) and a low \(i_r\) (saturation). Channel length modulation (due to different drain voltages) explains for the discrepancy in \(I_{DS}\)

A different view of the 1:1 current mirror

Consider now the two transistors in fig. 2a.

../_images/m2.png

The circuit is similar to the one in fig. 1a: the two transistors again share gate, source and bulk nodes (potential) and have a separate drain node, but this time the KCL at the source node is different: the node is not set to a fixed potential.

Nonetheless, a similar discussion can be drawn: considering fig. 2b, the forward and reverse current components have been put in evidence.

Notice how source and drain of M0 appear to have been switched around: MOS transistors are geometrically symmetrical, the choice of drain and source labeling has no influence on the results. On the other hand, the choice made in fig. 2b allows us to state that again M0 and M1 have the same forward current.

Notice how the two devices can’t be both in saturation: on the side on which they share the source node, if one transistor has a channel, the other needs to have one has well. In addition, at least one of the reverse currents has to be non-zero, since the total current entering the drain of M1 (\(I_{TOT}\)) has to flow out of M0 as well, or a net non-zero charge would be created at every instant.

Therefore both transistors can’t be in saturation.

The results are:

  • M0: \(i_f\), \(i_r = I_{TOT} + i_f\)
  • M1: \(i_f\), \(i_r = I_{TOT} - i_f\)

The rest of the circuit - not shown - would set the actual value of \(i_f\) and \(I_{TOT}\).

A 1:1/16th current mirror

A down-scaling current mirror is depicted in fig. 3a.

../_images/m3.png

Here again, the transistors share the same bulk and gate node, and, two-by-two, they also share drain/source node.

While this circuit is more complex than the previous ones, it can be analyzed in the same fashion, taking into account the results already presented:

  • each neighboring transistor pair acts like a current mirror, ie same \(i_f\)/\(i_r\),
  • zero net charge can be created or destroyed at each instant.

Considering the currents, we have 17 forward currents and 17 reverse currents to be determined, for a total of 34 unknowns:

We can write:

  • 15 equations of the type \(i_f = i_r\) for neighboring devices,
  • 1 equation for the mirror operation of the M0, M1 pair,
  • 1 equation setting \(i_r = 0\) for M0 (drain-gate short),
  • 1 equation setting \(I_s \cdot i_f = I_{IN}\) for M0 (KCL),
  • 1 equation setting \(i_r = 0\) for M16 (hp. in saturation),
  • 15 equations to require that M1, M2, M3... M16 have all the same drain current.

That gives a total of 34 equations.

It can be shown that the solution is:

  • M0: \(i_f = I_{IN}/I_s\), \(i_r = 0\)
  • M1: \(i_f = I_{IN}/I_s\), \(i_r = 15/16 \cdot I_{IN}/I_s\)
  • M2: \(i_f = 15/16 I_{IN}/I_s\), \(i_r = 14/16 \cdot I_{IN}/I_s\)
  • and so on...

The general form is:

M[n], for \(n = 1 \dots 16\), \(i_f = (17 - n)/16 \cdot I_{IN}/I_s\) and \(i_r = (16-n)/16 \cdot I_{IN}/I_s\).

M16 has \(i_f = 1/16 \cdot I_{IN}/I_s\) and \(i_r = 0\). Its drain current - the mirror output current - is therefore:

\[I_{OUT} = 1/16 \cdot I_{IN}.\]

Netlist

* 1-to-1/16th down-scaling current mirror

m0 inc inc 0 0 nch w=1u l=1u

m16 out inc n1 0  nch w=1u l=1u
m15 n1 inc n2 0 nch w=1u l=1u
m14 n2 inc n3 0 nch w=1u l=1u
m13 n3 inc n4 0 nch w=1u l=1u
m12 n4 inc n5 0 nch w=1u l=1u
m11 n5 inc n6 0 nch w=1u l=1u
m10 n6 inc n7 0 nch w=1u l=1u
m9 n7 inc n8 0 nch w=1u l=1u
m8 n8 inc n9 0 nch w=1u l=1u
m7 n9 inc n10 0 nch w=1u l=1u
m6 n10 inc n11 0 nch w=1u l=1u
m5 n11 inc n12 0 nch w=1u l=1u
m4 n12 inc n13 0 nch w=1u l=1u
m3 n13 inc n14 0 nch w=1u l=1u
m2 n14 inc n15 0 nch w=1u l=1u
m1 n15 inc 0 0 nch w=1u l=1u

i1 0 inc type=idc idc=16e-6
v1 out 0 type=vdc vdc=5

.model ekv nch TYPE=n VTO=.4 KP=400e-6

.op

Simulation results

* 1-TO-1/16TH DOWN-SCALING CURRENT MIRROR
Starting op analysis:
Calculating guess: done.
Solving with Gmin:
Building Gmin matrix...
Solving...  done.
Solving without Gmin:
Solving...  done.
Difference check is within margins.
(Voltage: er=0.001, ea=1e-06, Current: er=0.001, ea=1e-09)
Solution without Gmin:
Vinc:      0.904813615968  V
Vout:                 5.0  V
Vn1:       0.222041524366  V
Vn2:       0.183949114562  V
Vn3:       0.158276458021  V
Vn4:       0.137871535291  V
Vn5:       0.120520118975  V
Vn6:       0.105208756242  V
Vn7:      0.0913779977097  V
Vn8:      0.0786820153752  V
Vn9:       0.066890054189  V
Vn10:     0.0558393890315  V
Vn11:     0.0454103544576  V
Vn12:     0.0355120049651  V
Vn13:     0.0260733625457  V
Vn14:     0.0170378079838  V
Vn15:     0.0083593406432  V
I(V1):  -1.0327588469e-06  A
OP INFORMATION:
M0        N ch   STRONG INVERSION                      SATURATION
beta  [A/V^2]:  0.000193555471162  Weff  [m]:       1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.03329551368e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:     0.904813615968   Vgb  [V]:      0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:                        0.0    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                0.4   VOD  [V]:      0.369325572375   nq:                         1.55151340493    VA      [V]:       2.3850844813
Ids       [A]:  1.59999863615e-05  nv:              1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:          8.29535007765e-07  TEF:                0.20843499948
gmg       [S]:    8.073972779e-05   gms  [S]:  -0.000129001766756    rob    [Ohm]:              149067.907148
if:                 20.1828675005   ir:             0.25276934725     Qf  [C/m^2]:          0.000225753091822    Qr  [C/m^2]:  1.17396160816e-05
-------------------
M16       N ch  MODERATE INVERSION                      SATURATION
beta  [A/V^2]:   0.000236055431981  Weff  [m]:       1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  8.47258621932e-07 (1e-06)  M/N:                         1/1
Vdb       [V]:                 5.0   Vgb  [V]:      0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:             0.222041524366    Vp      [V]:     0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                 0.4   VOD  [V]:     0.0330076658728   nq:                         1.55151340493    VA      [V]:     45.7896511174
Ids       [A]:   1.03275797244e-06  nv:              1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:          8.29535007765e-07  TEF:              0.516148397578
gmg       [S]:    1.3598388406e-05   gms  [S]:  -2.06195194629e-05    rob    [Ohm]:              44337252.6182
if:                  1.05552698204   ir:         0.000703390112833     Qf  [C/m^2]:            3.608415906e-05    Qr  [C/m^2]:  3.9470194852e-08
-------------------
M15       N ch  MODERATE INVERSION                         LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:   0.000196221608214  Weff  [m]:      1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.01925573753e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:      0.222041524366   Vgb  [V]:     0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:             0.183949114562    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                 0.4   VOD  [V]:    0.0907047995749   nq:                         1.55151340493    VA      [V]:    0.0497875842199
Ids       [A]:   1.03275775078e-06  nv:             1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:          8.29535007765e-07  TEF:               0.889383922345
gmg       [S]:   9.76227671625e-06   gms  [S]:  -3.5529830659e-05    rob    [Ohm]:              48208.3859281
if:                  2.33331263359   ir:             1.0643556238     Qf  [C/m^2]:          6.21772036532e-05    Qr  [C/m^2]:  3.63007382702e-05
-------------------
M14       N ch  MODERATE INVERSION                          LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:   0.000197175919967  Weff  [m]:       1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.0143226416e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:      0.183949114562   Vgb  [V]:      0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:            0.158276458021    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                 0.4   VOD  [V]:      0.129590202326   nq:                        1.55151340493    VA      [V]:    0.0289727041979
Ids       [A]:   1.03275801302e-06  nv:              1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:         8.29535007765e-07  TEF:                1.17601518018
gmg       [S]:   7.48320262966e-06   gms  [S]:  -4.69804206758e-05    rob    [Ohm]:             28053.7200705
if:                  3.60776881968   ir:             2.34495311438     Qf  [C/m^2]:         8.22157361826e-05    Qr  [C/m^2]:  6.23803187459e-05
-------------------
M13       N ch  MODERATE INVERSION                          LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:   0.000197622982017  Weff  [m]:       1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.01202804431e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:      0.158276458021   Vgb  [V]:      0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:             0.137871535291    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                 0.4   VOD  [V]:      0.160496767728   nq:                         1.55151340493    VA      [V]:    0.0219308104837
Ids       [A]:   1.03275814052e-06  nv:              1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:          8.29535007765e-07  TEF:                1.41788921504
gmg       [S]:   6.30593158677e-06   gms  [S]:  -5.66430103458e-05    rob    [Ohm]:              21235.1852997
if:                   4.8813573262   ir:             3.62139820283     Qf  [C/m^2]:          9.91252681051e-05    Qr  [C/m^2]:  8.24103946022e-05
-------------------
M12       N ch  MODERATE INVERSION                          LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:   0.000197890926494  Weff  [m]:       1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.0106577575e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:      0.137871535291   Vgb  [V]:      0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:            0.120520118975    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                 0.4   VOD  [V]:       0.18677830235   nq:                        1.55151340493    VA      [V]:    0.0181981374178
Ids       [A]:   1.03275822015e-06  nv:              1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:         8.29535007765e-07  TEF:                1.63116706912
gmg       [S]:    5.5540108543e-06   gms  [S]:  -6.51632153734e-05    rob    [Ohm]:             17620.9078396
if:                  6.15483579078   ir:             4.89658255608     Qf  [C/m^2]:         0.000114035626904    Qr  [C/m^2]:  9.93138387607e-05
-------------------
M11       N ch  MODERATE INVERSION                          LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:   0.000198073131348  Weff  [m]:       1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.00972806679e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:      0.120520118975   Vgb  [V]:      0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:             0.105208756242    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                 0.4   VOD  [V]:        0.2099698449   nq:                         1.55151340493    VA      [V]:    0.0158233129666
Ids       [A]:   1.03275827611e-06  nv:              1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:          8.29535007765e-07  TEF:                1.82412667895
gmg       [S]:   5.01998756573e-06   gms  [S]:  -7.28717299041e-05    rob    [Ohm]:              15321.4099879
if:                  7.42849392389   ir:             6.17139807159     Qf  [C/m^2]:          0.000127525527332    Qr  [C/m^2]:  0.000114219252757
-------------------
M10       N ch  MODERATE INVERSION                          LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:   0.000198206852699  Weff  [m]:       1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.00904684816e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:      0.105208756242   Vgb  [V]:      0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:            0.0913779977097    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                 0.4   VOD  [V]:      0.230918772215   nq:                         1.55151340493    VA      [V]:    0.0141523755851
Ids       [A]:   1.03275831829e-06  nv:              1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:          8.29535007765e-07  TEF:                2.00168302606
gmg       [S]:   4.61535219563e-06   gms  [S]:  -7.99649018188e-05    rob    [Ohm]:              13703.4728595
if:                  8.70245034288   ir:             7.44620254594     Qf  [C/m^2]:          0.000139938578183    Qr  [C/m^2]:  0.000127704853941
-------------------
M9        N ch  MODERATE INVERSION                          LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:   0.000198310138598  Weff  [m]:       1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.00852130614e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                         1/1
Vdb       [V]:     0.0913779977097   Vgb  [V]:      0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:            0.0786820153752    Vp      [V]:     0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                 0.4   VOD  [V]:      0.250148896904   nq:                         1.55151340493    VA      [V]:   0.0128989737018
Ids       [A]:   1.03275835162e-06  nv:              1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:          8.29535007765e-07  TEF:               2.16703802962
gmg       [S]:   4.29500867285e-06   gms  [S]:  -8.65706441092e-05    rob    [Ohm]:              12489.8275396
if:                  9.97675042417   ir:             8.72115687844     Qf  [C/m^2]:          0.000151498627191    Qr  [C/m^2]:  0.00014011402435
-------------------
M8        N ch   STRONG INVERSION                          LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:  0.000198392895287  Weff  [m]:       1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.00810061626e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:    0.0786820153752   Vgb  [V]:      0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:             0.066890054189    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                0.4   VOD  [V]:      0.268009734921   nq:                         1.55151340493    VA      [V]:    0.0119161419552
Ids       [A]:  1.03275837884e-06  nv:              1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:          8.29535007765e-07  TEF:                2.32241587635
gmg       [S]:  4.03321312301e-06   gms  [S]:  -9.27778104751e-05    rob    [Ohm]:              11538.1702045
if:                 11.2514053587   ir:             9.99633553235     Qf  [C/m^2]:          0.000162361168332    Qr  [C/m^2]:  0.000151670496187
-------------------
M7        N ch   STRONG INVERSION                         LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:   0.00019846105755  Weff  [m]:      1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.00775437997e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:     0.066890054189   Vgb  [V]:     0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:            0.0558393890315    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                0.4   VOD  [V]:     0.284747759855   nq:                         1.55151340493    VA      [V]:    0.0111199812787
Ids       [A]:  1.03275840164e-06  nv:             1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:          8.29535007765e-07  TEF:                2.46943627226
gmg       [S]:  3.81404706427e-06   gms  [S]:  -9.8651106306e-05    rob    [Ohm]:              10767.2629543
if:                 12.5264097287   ir:            11.2717709335     Qf  [C/m^2]:          0.000172639436036    Qr  [C/m^2]:  0.000162529698349
-------------------
M6        N ch   STRONG INVERSION                          LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:  0.000198518419499  Weff  [m]:       1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.00746318908e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:    0.0558393890315   Vgb  [V]:      0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:            0.0454103544576    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                0.4   VOD  [V]:      0.300544224434   nq:                         1.55151340493    VA      [V]:    0.0104587776192
Ids       [A]:   1.0327584211e-06  nv:              1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:          8.29535007765e-07  TEF:                 2.6093222773
gmg       [S]:  3.62706421814e-06   gms  [S]:  -0.000104239391439    rob    [Ohm]:              10127.0320391
if:                 13.8017500679   ir:             12.5474737773     Qf  [C/m^2]:          0.000182418935017    Qr  [C/m^2]:  0.000172804825071
-------------------
M5        N ch   STRONG INVERSION                          LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:  0.000198567531583  Weff  [m]:       1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.0072140113e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:    0.0454103544576   Vgb  [V]:      0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:           0.0355120049651    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                0.4   VOD  [V]:      0.315536880374   nq:                        1.55151340493    VA      [V]:   0.00989875048115
Ids       [A]:  1.03275843798e-06  nv:              1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:         8.29535007765e-07  TEF:                2.74302437776
gmg       [S]:   3.4650857034e-06   gms  [S]:  -0.000109580636704    rob    [Ohm]:             9584.76843865
if:                 15.0774092523   ir:             13.8234431638     Qf  [C/m^2]:         0.000191766114233    Qr  [C/m^2]:  0.000182581354073
-------------------
M4        N ch   STRONG INVERSION                        LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:  0.000198610178219  Weff  [m]:     1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.00699773694e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:    0.0355120049651   Vgb  [V]:    0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:            0.0260733625457    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                0.4   VOD  [V]:    0.329833235381   nq:                         1.55151340493    VA      [V]:   0.00941680636307
Ids       [A]:  1.03275845282e-06  nv:            1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:          8.29535007765e-07  TEF:                 2.8712987005
gmg       [S]:  3.32299269557e-06   gms  [S]:  -0.0001147050485    rob    [Ohm]:              9118.11114922
if:                  16.353368823   ir:           15.0996719747     Qf  [C/m^2]:          0.000200733834875    Qr  [C/m^2]:  0.000191925714807
-------------------
M3        N ch   STRONG INVERSION                          LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:  0.000198647649302  Weff  [m]:       1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.00680778606e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:    0.0260733625457   Vgb  [V]:      0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:            0.0170378079838    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                0.4   VOD  [V]:      0.343519048442   nq:                         1.55151340493    VA      [V]:   0.00899656795571
Ids       [A]:  1.03275846598e-06  nv:              1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:          8.29535007765e-07  TEF:                2.99475852913
gmg       [S]:  3.19702338781e-06   gms  [S]:  -0.000119637126799    rob    [Ohm]:              8711.20233049
if:                 17.6296102286   ir:             16.3761498503     Qf  [C/m^2]:          0.000209364971898    Qr  [C/m^2]:  0.000200890753493
-------------------
M2        N ch   STRONG INVERSION                          LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:  0.000198680902931  Weff  [m]:       1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.00663927458e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:    0.0170378079838   Vgb  [V]:      0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:            0.0083593406432    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                0.4   VOD  [V]:      0.356663994983   nq:                         1.55151340493    VA      [V]:   0.00862606476442
Ids       [A]:  1.03275847775e-06  nv:              1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:          8.29535007765e-07  TEF:                 3.1139094834
gmg       [S]:  3.08434271957e-06   gms  [S]:  -0.000124397070523    rob    [Ohm]:              8352.45117837
if:                 18.9061154837   ir:             17.6528648853     Qf  [C/m^2]:          0.000217694873415    Qr  [C/m^2]:  0.000209519333023
-------------------
M1        N ch   STRONG INVERSION                          LINEAR
beta  [A/V^2]:  0.000198710667278  Weff  [m]:       1e-06 (1e-06)   Leff      [m]:  1.00648849274e-06 (1e-06)  M/N:                          1/1
Vdb       [V]:    0.0083593406432   Vgb  [V]:      0.904813615968    Vsb      [V]:                        0.0    Vp      [V]:      0.24383362138
VTH       [V]:                0.4   VOD  [V]:      0.369325572375   nq:                         1.55151340493    VA      [V]:   0.00829632303901
Ids       [A]:  1.03275848844e-06  nv:              1.51466221222  Ispec      [A]:          8.29535007765e-07  TEF:                3.22917428061
gmg       [S]:  2.98276797184e-06   gms  [S]:  -0.000129001766756    rob    [Ohm]:                8033.168579
if:                 20.1828675005   ir:             18.9298046103     Qf  [C/m^2]:          0.000225753091822    Qr  [C/m^2]:  0.000217846791436
-------------------
TOTAL POWER: 1.964081209e-05 W

The \(I_{OUT}/I_{IN}\) scaling factor is as expected, since \(I_{OUT} = 1uA\) when \(I_{IN} = 16uA\). Furthermore, the results regarding the subdivision of the drain current in \(i_f/i_r\) and the mirroring of currents in neighboring devices agree with the expectations as well.

Lastly, notice how only M0 and M16 operate in saturation, all other transistors are in linear region.